Chart (fair copy) of the Gulf of Mélomanie (southern part) – 1802–1803
This synthesis nautical chart, described as a minute (fair copy), washed with colour and accompanied by coastal profiles—an excerpt of which is presented here—was produced under the direction of the expedition commander, Nicolas Baudin. Entitled “Fourteenth sheet. End of the Gulf of Mélomanie, at the extremity of which is located Port of Confidence, which, according to verbal reports made to me… the entire outline of the port being surrounded by high wooded mountains… offers safe shelter…”, it was drawn up by Charles-Pierre Boullanger, geographical engineer, between 26 April 1802 and 28–29 January 1803 (ANF, MAR, 6JJ//B, item 88).
The numerous erasures and corrections visible on the chart testify to the major toponymic revision undertaken upon the expedition’s return, with successive hesitations and adjustments that accompanied its official publication.
This general map of New Holland and the archipelagos of the Great Ocean, drawn in 1807 by Charles-François Beautemps-Beaupré, hydrographer of the d’Entrecasteaux expedition (1791–1793), is the first plate of the voyage’s official atlas. It shows not only some toponyms assigned at the expedition commander’s initiative, but also those inherited from earlier voyages, notably Dutch and English ones.
Beautemps-Beaupré’s approach is part of the development, during the 18th century, of an increasingly transnational maritime cartography, in which charts were regularly revised, expanded or corrected by European navigators on the basis of existing documents. This cumulative practice reflects the wider circulation of hydrographic knowledge across Europe.
Considered the father of modern hydrography, Beautemps-Beaupré contributed to the mapping of the Australian coasts with an unprecedented precision for the time, based on observational and surveying methods that became lasting reference standards.
The atlas’s late publication is explained in part by the seizure in 1794, by the British authorities, as prizes of war, of the sixty-five copies of the fair charts produced by Beautemps-Beaupré during the d’Entrecasteaux expedition; they were returned only with the Peace of Amiens in 1802.
This chart belongs to the context of a Franco–British controversy over the priority of a complete cartographic representation of the continent. While he was detained on the Isle de France (today Mauritius), the British navigator Matthew Flinders had in fact completed, as early as 1804, a comparable fair chart entitled Australia or Terra Australis. Copies were sent to Joseph Banks and to the British Admiralty; however, publication was delayed until 1814, after Flinders’s return to London in 1810.
The near-contemporaneous publication, in France and Great Britain, of these charts—based on surveys from contemporary expeditions—fuelled lasting debates about chronology, circulation, and the respective recognition of the hydrographic and geographical work of the two nations.